Sickle Cell Anemia Care Plan
How To Complete Nursing Care Plan For Sickle Cell Anemia
Sicle Cell Anemia Care Plan template
Student: _________________________________ Date: ______________________________
Submission of clinical care plan on due date (5 Points)
Instructor: ______________________________ Clinical Course: ______________________
Client’s Code Name: ___________ Age: _________ Gender: ________
Primary Medical Diagnosis: ____________________________________________________
Secondary Medical Diagnoses: __________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Present Surgery (if applicable): _____________________ Date of Surgery: ______________
Allergies and Symptoms They Cause: _____________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Height: ________ Weight: _________
Code Status: ________________________
Section I
General Data, Health History, and Review of Systems
( 10 Points)
Biographical Data:
Chief Complaint:
History of Present Illness (Detailed):
Past Medical/Surgical and Injury History:
Sociocultural History (alcohol, tobacco, drugs, ADLs, marital status, children, religion, culture, ethnic group, and education):
Spiritual Well-Being:
Family History of Illness:
Immunization History:
Developmental Stage in Life:
Description of Procedures (Surgeries) Performed this Admission:
Review of Systems – brief history of each system and use abbreviated format, not complete sentences
General:
Psychiatric:
Skin, hair, and nails:
Lymph nodes:
HEENT (head, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, throat):
Neck:
Blood:
Breasts:
Cardiovascular:
Respiratory:
GI:
GU:
Musculoskeletal:
Neurologic:
Endocrine:
Section II
In this section, the student must address a description of the disease process including etiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms and standard treatment including medication, surgery, etc. (This section should be used to describe the textbook explanation of the disease and compare it with the patient’s picture of his/her disease condition. Attach a reference page at the end of care plan ) References done in APA Format (5 Points)
Pathophysiology of Disease Process
(Points 10)
Classic Signs and Symptoms of Disease Process
(5 Points)
Section III
Physical Assessment
(15 Points)
Physical Assessment:
Vital Signs (T, P, R, BP, SPO2)
General Appearance
Psychiatric
HEENT
Neck
Breasts and Lymph Nodes
Pulmonary
Cardiovascular
Skin and Nails
Abdomen
Genitourinary
Pelvic and Rectal
Extremities
Musculoskeletal
Neurological (DTR’s, reflex grading, cranial nerve evaluation)
__________________________________________________
Incisions
Drains
Diet/Nutrition
IVs
Intake and Output
Pain assessment (include reassessment)
Fall Risk Assessment (include score)
Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment (include score)
Section IV
Diagnostic Data
(5 Points)
Inlcude pertinent diagnostic tests, including labs, EKG, and X-Rays
| Diagnostic Tests | Patient’s value | Normal Range | Inference(why is this patients value abnormal) |
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Section V
Treatments and Procedures
List all treatment and procedure interventions/nursing actions dependent (physician initiated) and independent (nursing initiated) performed during your clinical experience.
( 5 Points)
| Treatments and Procedures | Day & Times | Rationale |
Section VI
Teaching and Health Promotion
( 5 Points)
List client’s teaching Needs/Knowledge Deficits, such as teaching about a new diet, reasons for being NPO, reasons for wearing elastic stockings, etc.
Section VII
(5 Points)
List of Nursing Diagnoses (Minimum of 5) Use your assessment of your client’s human needs to write your nursing diagnoses. Actual and Potential deficits and wellness diagnoses are expected. Your nursing diagnoses must be substantiated by your health assessment of your client.
| Human Needs | Nursing Diagnoses
(Circle Selected Nursing Diagnoses) |
Nursing Diagnoses Statements |
| Oxygenation
1. Perfusion (Cardiac) 2. Acid Base Balance 3. Ventilation 4. Diffusion |
Decreased Cardiac output
Tissue perfusion, altered (specify) renal, Cerebral, cardiopulmonary, gastrointestinal, peripheral |
|
| Fluid & Electrolytes Balance
1. Acid Base Balance 2. Metabolism 3. Intracranial Regulation |
Liquids, excess volume Liquids, Volume Deficit Liquids, high risk of volume deficit Body temperature: high risk of impaired Hypothermia Hyperthermia Ineffective Thermoregulation |
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| Elimination | Constipation Subjective Constipation Chronic Constipation Diarrhea Fecal Incontinence Urinary, impaired elimination Urinary incontinence: stress Urinary Incontinence: reflects Urinary Incontinence: emergency Urinary Incontinence: Functional Urinary Incontinence: total Urinary, retention Self-care, deficit: use the potty / toilet |
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| Nutrition
1. Energy 2. Cellular structure and function 3. Failure to Thrive 4. Metabolism |
Nutrition, altered: excess Nutrition, altered: by default Nutrition, potential alterations: excess Self-care, deficit: feeding Swallowing, impaired Ineffective Breastfeeding interrupted breastfeeding Effective Breastfeeding Infant Feeding ineffective pattern |
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| Sleep | Sleep pattern disturbance | |
| Mobility | Disuse, high risk of syndrome Physical mobility, disorder Peripheral Neurovascular, high risk of dysfunction Activity intolerance Activity, high risk of intoleranceSelf-care, deficit: dressing / grooming |
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| Sensation and Cognition
1. Mood and affect 2. Tissue integrity |
Sen-so-perceptual alterations (specify) visual auditory, kin esthetic, gustatory, tactile, olfactory.Tissue, impaired integrity Oral mucous membrane, altered Skin, impaired Cutaneous, high risk of deterioration of the integrity Self-care, deficit: bathing / hygiene |
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| Rest and Comfort
1. Pain 2. Stress and Coping 3. Fatigue |
Coping: ineffective
Anxiety
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| Spiritual Integrity
1. Grief and loss 2. Cultural |
Spiritual suffering HopelessnessImpotence Bereavement dysfunctional Early Mourning |
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| Affiliation
1. Love and Belonging 2. Social Support Systems 3. Self-Actualization |
Verbal, disorder Social, impaired interaction Social isolation Coping: ineffectiveRecreation, deficitRole, impaired performance Parenteral, alteration Parenteral, high risk of disruption Parenteral, role conflict Adaptation disorder Family, alteration processes Role of caregiver, overexertion in The role of caregiver, high risk to overuse in the Defensive coping Denial ineffective Ineffective family coping: disabling Ineffective family coping: engaged |
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| Sexual Integrity
1. Reproductive Health 2. Sexual Relationships 3. Sexuality |
Sexual dysfunction Sexuality, altered patterns of |
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| Safety
1. Infection and Inflammation 2. Immunity 3. Substance abuse 4. Abusive environments |
Infection, high risk of Dysreflexia Injury, high risk Poisoning, high risk of Trauma, high risk of Protection, impaired engaged Violence, high risk: self-injury, injury to other Self-mutilation, high risk of Post-traumatic response Rape, traumatic syndrome of Violation, trauma syndrome: compound reaction Violation, trauma syndrome: silent reaction |
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| Self-Esteem
1. Developmental milestones across the lifespan 2. Health promotion/health beliefs 3. Behaviors 4. Teaching and learning |
Growth and development, altered
Coping familiar development potential Coping:ineffective Health, generating conducts (specify) Treatment, tracking no (specify) Therapeutic regimen, ineffective management of (individual) |
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Section VIII
Medications
(5 Points)
Medication Sheet
| Medication Dose
Brand/ Generic Name |
Mechanism of Action/Indication for Use | Contraindication | Adverse Effects/Side Effects | Nursing Implications
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Outcomes | Safe Dose
(yes or no) Why is your client on the drug? |
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Section IX
Nursing Interventions
(Points 20)
CARE PLAN FOR “ 4 ” (MINIMUM) NURSING DIAGNOSES
| Assessment
Findings |
Nursing Diagnoses
(Actual & Potential Deficits, Wellness Diagnoses) |
Outcomes
Short and Long Term |
Interventions/Nursing Systems
(Dependent & Independent) |
Rationale
(Why are you performing that intervention?) |
Evaluation/Outcome
(What was the actual result?) |
SOLUTION: Sickle Cell Anemia Care Plan
Student: _____JS__________ Date: _______10/7/2023_____
Submission of clinical care plan on due date (5 Points)
Instructor: ____MW_____________Clinical Course: ______________________
Client’s Code Name: __A P_________ Age: ___32______ Gender: __Female______
Primary Medical Diagnosis: _Sickle cell anemia
Secondary Medical Diagnoses: ____Hypertension, Edema, overweight, and infections ______________________________________________
Present Surgery (if applicable): __ N/A_____________Date of Surgery: N/A______________
Allergies and Symptoms They Cause: _______No known history for allergy ______________________________________
Height: ___118 kg_____ Weight: __6.5 feet_______
Code Status: ________Full code ________________
Section I
General Data, Health History, and Review of Systems
( 10 Points)
Biographical Data: This care plan is for AP, a 32-year-old male patient who was admitted to the facility two days ago with a diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. The patient lives in a semi-urban town with his wife and two children. His family is the main social support system for the patient. AP has a history of smoking but has never abused any prescription medication all his life. When asked the reason for visiting the facility, the patient states that he has been experiencing swelling on his hands and feet, chest pain, and yellowing on his skin. The patient’s past medical history reveals that he was diagnosed with the disorder at the age of 5 years. He has a history of high blood pressure, and urinary tract infection, and is overweight. He is currently taking medications for UTIs. No known surgical or allergic history. During admission, the patient was alert, conscious, and oriented to person, place, and time.
Chief Complaint: The patient complains of shortness of breath, fever, generalized pain and swelling of the right cheek region, yellowing of skin, and extreme tiredness.
History of Present Illness (Detailed): The patient in the case was diagnosed with sickle cell anemia at the age of 5 years and has been on medication for the disorder and other comorbidities. The patient states that his pain is not localized.
Past Medical/Surgical and Injury History: The patient has a history for high blood pressure, urinary tract infection, and is overweight. No known surgical history.
Sociocultural History; AP is married and has two children. The family lives in a sub-urban town. The patient is a Catholic of Asian-America origin. The patient is a graduate and works in an insurance company. He has been smoking for the last seven years, but stopped 3 years ago when his health started to deteriorate. He neither takes alcohol nor abuses any prescriptive or non-prescriptive drugs.
Spiritual Well-Being: The patient is a Christian and believes in the Biblical teachings.
Family History of Illness: The only known family history is that of her immediate family members. The father passed on 5 years ago after being diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes and sickle cell anemia. The mother is alive and has high blood pressure and has the sickle cell trait. His siblings are alive and have not been diagnosed with the sickle cell disorder.
Immunization History: The patient’s immunization history is up-to-date.
Developmental Stage in Life: The patient has faced immense difficulties in almost all of his developmental stages due to the disorder.
Description of Procedures (Surgeries) Performed this Admission: N/ A
Review of Systems – brief history of each system
General: The patient is alert, conscious, and oriented to person, place, and time.
Psychiatric: The patient is anxious and depressed.
Skin, hair, and nails: AP’s hair is unkempt, dry and rough. His skin is dry, rough, yellow, and has lesions. His nails are dry and pale.
Lymph nodes: The patient’s lymph nodes are swollen.
HEENT: The patient has no head injury. He reveals that he often experiences blurred and double vision. The patient notes that sometimes, he is unable to hear well unless when one shouts. He experienced nose bleeding one week ago. The teeth in his mouth are not fitting together in a straight line. He also has large spaces between the teeth. His throat is swollen and painful.
Neck: His neck is stiff and the patient experiences pain as he turns the head.
Blood: The patient has lowered red blood cell count.
Breasts: Breasts are round and equally full at the top and bottom.
Cardiovascular: The patient’s chest is asymmetrical. He reports coughing and chest pain.
Respiratory: Rapid heart rate, breathing, and shortness of breath. The patient’s oxygen saturation is at 90%.
GI: The patient is experiencing abdominal pain. Furthermore, the patient’s mouth is pale and has sore throat. The patient’s lymph nodes are swollen.
GU: The patient states that he has been experiencing prolonged painful erection. His stool is dark and urine has blood stains.
Musculoskeletal: The patient reveals that he has been experiencing severe pain on fingers, bones, chest, joints, and the back for the last one week. The fingers are also red, hot and swollen.
Neurologic: The patient i oriented to place, time, and person. He has fever and vision problems.
Endocrine: The patient is experiencing motor abnormalities and mood disturbances. Furthermore, he reports dizziness, numbness, or paralysis.
Section II
Pathophysiology of Disease Process
(Points 10)
Sickle cell anemia is an autosomal-recessive genetic disorder caused by a single base-pair point mutation of the beta-globin genes. Indeed, sickle cell anemia is one of the most predominant forms of sickle cell disease. The condition occurs when an individual inherits a sickle hemoglobin gene (HbS) or HbS in combination with abnormal beta alleles (Inusa et al., 2019). When exposed to environments with low oxygen concentration, these genes undergo polymerization and become rigid. Once in the body, the abnormal genes substitute a single nucleotide (A to T) in the codon with amino acid 6. This converts a glutamic acid codon to a valine codon. During deoxygenation, valine hydrophobicity attracts hydrophobic regions of the beta-chains making the hemoglobin acquire a crystal-like shape.
In sickle cell trait, an individual inherits one normal gene and one abnormal gene for hemoglobin, resulting in the production of at least half of the cells being abnormal hemoglobin chain. This implies that for a child to be affected by the disorder, both parents must carry one copy of the sickle cell gene to pass both altered copies of the gene to their child. Once the RBCs acquire large amounts of this abnormal sickle cell (HbS), the abnormal beta chains contract and attach themselves within the RBCs. This process also makes the RBCs dense and rigid, an issue that leads to vas-occlusion, tissue ischemia, and hemolysis. This changes the shape of RBCs making them sickle-shaped (Manglaet al., 2023). The distorted RBCs are rigid and sticky and form a clump that blocks blood flow. Once this happens, it distracts the flow of oxygen to body tissues that require oxygenation, resulting in sudden and severe pain. Conditions that can cause sickling include dehydration, infections, lowered temperatures, acidosis, hypoxia, alcohol consumption, pregnancy, and venous stasis (Workman, 2016). The condition may cause severe complications that encompass infection such as pneumonia, stroke, renal failure, cognitive dysfunction, priapism, leg ulcers, hypertension, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, cholelithiasis, and heart failure.
Classic Signs and Symptoms of Disease Process
(5 Points)
Patients with sickle cell anemia often experience intense chronic pain that starts during their childhood to adulthood. The pain is usually unpredictable and episodic. The sickle cell nature of the RBCs causes an obstruction to the circulation of oxygenated blood to body cells thus resulting in ischemia, edema, and necrosis. In the majority of patients, pain is displayed nonverbally through irritability, and the inability to bear weight, or walk (Inusa et al. 2019). The pain may be triggered by factors such as fever, infection, dehydration, and changes in weather conditions. Other classic signs and symptoms of the disorder include anemia due to inadequate red blood cells, hypoxia, fatigue, edema in the hands and feet, frequent infections due to damaged spleen, confusion, one-sided paralysis, fever, numbness, headache, delayed growth and development, and vision problems.
Section III
Physical Assessment
(15 Points)
Physical Assessment:
Vital Signs (T=38.90c P= 105 bpm, R=19, BP= 181/79, SPO2=88%)
General Appearance: The patient well-groomed, alert, conscious, and oriented to person, place, and time.
Psychiatric: The patient is highly irritable, anxious, and depressed.
HEENT: The patient has no head injury. However, his vision is blurred and he is facing hearing difficulties. His nose is large, crooked, and bloody. The teeth are not fitting together and have large spaces between them. His throat is swollen and painful.
Neck: The patient’s neck is rounded, V-shaped, and stiff.
Breasts and Lymph Nodes: The lymph nodes are swollen.
Pulmonary: the pulmonary functioning is impaired and the patient is experiencing hypoxia.
Cardiovascular: The patient reports coughing and chest pain.
Skin and Nails: Skin is dry, pale, and scaly. The patient’s nails are white at the top.
Abdomen: The abdomen is distended and the patient is experiencing abdominal pain.
Genitourinary: The patient is experiencing abdominal pain and has swollen lymph nodes.
Pelvic and Rectal: Normal
Extremities: painful swelling in the hands and feet accompanied with fever.
Musculoskeletal: the patient is experiencing bone pain, dactylitis, and retardation in the growth of bones.
Incisions: patient has incision for elective common bile duct (CBD) exploration
Drains: N/A
Diet/Nutrition: the patient has poor appetite and is vitamin D deficient
IVs: The patient is on Intravenous IV for hydration and analgesics
Intake and Output: Intake 2500ml per day while output is 1800 ml per day
Pain assessment (include reassessment): The Numeric Rating Scale (pain ratings from 0 to 10) shows the patient’s pain score at 7/10).
Fall Risk Assessment (include score): Hendrich II Fall Risk score of 6. A score of 5 or greater indicates high risk for fall (Hendrich, 2012).
Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment (include score): Based on Braden scale, the patient has a score of 18 indicating mild risk for developing pressure ulcers.
Section IV
Diagnostic Data
(5 Points)
Include pertinent diagnostic tests
| Diagnostic Tests | Patient’s value | Normal Range | Inference(why is this patients value abnormal) |
| Complete blood count (CBC) with a peripheral picture
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| Hemoglobin electrophoresis |
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| Urine analysis:
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UTI absent
Isostheniria noted at 1. |
Normal isosth-enuria range 1.008-1.012 | Isostheniria may be as a result of a renal disease, hypercalcemia, or the use of diuretics. |
| Instant sickling test/blood smears
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Hemoglobin S seen in blood. | Due to the inheritance of a gene for hemoglobin S from one parent. | |
Section V
Treatments and Procedures
List all treatment and procedure interventions/nursing actions dependent (physician initiated) and independent (nursing initiated) performed during your clinical experience.
( 5 Points)
| Treatments and Procedures | Day & Times | Rationale |
| Provide supplemental oxygen | 10/7/2023
9:00Am |
To keep the oxygen concentration above 95 % so as to treat hypoxia. |
| Consider chest x-ray | 10/7/2023
10:00Am |
To assess for acute chest syndrome and progressive fibrosis |
| Start analgesics, usually opioids such as morphine promptly | 10/7/2023
9:30Am |
To treat pain associated with vasoocclusive crisis |
| Provide fluids (IV bolus 10-20ml/kg 0.9 % saline fluids) | 10/7/2023
12:00pm |
To resuscitate the patient. Avoid excessive fluids at it may increase the risk for chest crisis |
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Initial blood transfusion followed by red blood cells exchange |
11/7/2023
2:00pm |
To reduce sickle cell disease symptoms, correct anemia, ameliorate shock, prevent complications such as stoke, and reduce risk of surgery. |
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Encourage emptying of bladder/ Catheterize if unable to empty bladder |
Daily | To reduced complications of sickling |
| Provide folic acid supplementation and hydroxyurea (1 mg orally once a day)
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10/07/2023
3: 00pm |
To support the formation of more red blood cells and for maintaining health |
| Provide physical therapy
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Daily | To treat avascular necrosis |
Section VI
Teaching and Health Promotion
( 5 Points)
List client’s teaching Needs/Knowledge Deficits, such as teaching about a new diet, reasons for being NPO etc.
- Advise the patient to take folic acid supplements and eat healthy diets to support the formation of new red blood cells. The patient should eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain.
- The patient should be educated on the need to drink adequate fluids and avoid exposure to extreme temperatures to reduce the risk for sickle cell crisis. General dehydration may promote sickling and hence the need for the patient to drink 8 to 10 glasses of water daily.
- Educate the patient regarding the negative impacts of smoking and alcohol on their health. Abusing alcohol and cigarettes may increase the risk for pain crisis and other serious complications.
- The patient should be educated on the negative effects of pain medications on his health, Pain medications such as opioids may result to addiction and dependence while non-prescriptive may affect the patient’s kidney and cause more complications.
- The patient should rest when fatigues, avoid excessive exposure to high temperatures of cold, ensure adequate oxygenation, and consume healthy balanced diet. In addition, the patient can maintain moderate levels of activities to prevent overexertion.
- Hand washing with soap and alcohol-based hand sanitizer should be undertaken regularly to reduce risk for infection.
Section VII
(5 Points)
List of Nursing Diagnoses (Minimum of 5) Use your assessment of your client’s human needs to write your nursing diagnoses. Actual and Potential deficits and wellness diagnoses are expected. Your nursing diagnoses must be substantiated by your health assessment of your client.
| Human Needs | Nursing Diagnoses
(Circle Selected Nursing Diagnoses) |
Nursing Diagnoses Statements |
| Oxygenation
1. Perfusion (Cardiac) 2. Ventilation 3. Diffusion |
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| Fluid & Electrolytes Balance
1. Acid Base Balance 2. Metabolism 3. Intracranial Regulation |
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| Mobility | Activity intolerance leading to disuse Activity, high risk of intolerance |
Activity intolerance related reduced cardiorespiratory capacity, dyspnea, and muscle acidosis as evidenced by pain in the hands, feet, and swollen lymph nodes and decreased exercise intolerance. |
| Rest and Comfort
1. Pain 2. Stress and Coping 3. Fatigue |
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| Safety
1. Infection and Inflammation
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High risk for infection | High risk for infection related to disease progression, diminished red blood cell formation, accelerated RBC destruction, folic acid deficiency, compromised immune system, treatment related, and tissue death. |
Section VIII
Medications
(5 Points)
Medication Sheet
| Medication Dose
Brand/ Generic Name |
Mechanism of Action/Indication for Use | Contraindication | Adverse Effects/Side. Effects | Nursing Implications
|
Outcomes | Safe Dose
(yes or no) Why is your client on the drug? |
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3. No serious contraindications. However, may not be used in patients with serous hypersensitivity reactions.
4. The medication should not be used in patients with a history of severe allergic reactions or to patients with Stevens-Johnson Syndrome.
5. The medication is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to its components or in individuals with cardiogenic shock, severe aortic stenosis, angina, heart failure, and hypotension.
6. The drug should not be used in patients who are allergic to sulfa or hypertensive to Bactrim. The drug should also not be prescribed to patients with liver damage, jaundice, or hepatic failure. |
1. Numbness, burning pain in the hands and feet, skin sores, sudden chest pain, dry cough and wheezing.
2. Common side effects include abdominal pain, cough, constipation, skin rash, trouble breathing, pain in extremities, back pain, nausea, constipation, and headache
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Improved CBC platelet, and WBCs to normal levels.
2. Reduced pain, and complications related to sickle cell anemia.
2. Improved blood flow, elevated RBCs and reduced sickle cell complications.
4. Absence of infections and complications.
4. Improvement in vital signs such as blood pressure and heart rate.
6. Reduction in pain and other symptoms caused by the UTI |
1. The patient is already on 25 mg/kg/day. This is a safe dose for reducing pain.
2. The patient has been prescribed 10g dose twice per day as the safe dose for treating sickle cell anemia and reducing pain.
3.1500 mg film coated taken orally once per day.
4.250mg twice per day. The patient has been prescribed to this medication as it is considered a safe dose in preventing infections.
5.10mg once per day.
6. 500 Bactrim tablet once a day. |
Section IX
Nursing Interventions
(Points 20)
CARE PLAN FOR “ 4 ” (MINIMUM) NURSING DIAGNOSES
| Assessment
Findings |
Nursing Diagnoses
(Actual & Potential Deficits, Wellness Diagnoses) |
Outcomes
Short and Long Term |
Interventions/Nursing Systems
(Dependent & Independent) |
Rationale
(Why are you performing that intervention?) |
Evaluation/Outcome
(What was the actual result?) |
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Ineffective airway clearance and tissue perfusion | The patient should be able to manifest improved hemoglobin levels, verbalize a reduction in pain, and reduced complications related to the disease. |
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Chronic pain |
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Reduction of pain from 7/ 10 to 2/10.
Ability to ambulate |
| Fever, increased water loss, reduced fluid intake, dehydration, diarrhea, and vomiting. | Fluid and electrolyte imbalance: Fluid volume deficits | The patient should show balanced fluid intake and output |
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Improved vital signs to normal values |
| Lowered oxygen saturation, chest, abdominal and back pain, fever, adventitious breath sounds, cough, irregular heartbeat, and respiratory rate. | Impaired respiration and gaseous exchange | The patient should be able to verbalize improvement in gaseous exchange and respiration |
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Improved breath sounds and heartbeat, and rate. |
References
Belleza, M. (2023). Sickle cell anemia. https://nurseslabs.com/sickle-cell- anemia/#:~:text=Based%20on%20the%20assessment%20data,related%20to%20illness%2Dinduced%20helplessness.
Inusa, B., Hsu, L., Kohli, N., Patel. A., Anie, K. & Atoyebi, W. (2019). Sickle cell disease: Genetic, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment. International Journal of Neonatal Screening, 5(2), 1-15.
Mangla, A., Ehsan, M., Agarwal. N., Maruvada, S. & Doerr, C. (2023). Sickle Cell Anemia (Nursing) In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568706/
Salvador, K. & Wagner, M. (2023). Sickle cell anemia nursing diagnosis and care plan. https://www.nursetogether.com/sickle-cell-anemia-nursing-diagnosis- care-plan/
Vera, M. (2023). Sickle cell anemia crisis nursing care plan. https://nurseslabs.com/sickle-cell-anemia-crisis-nursing-care-plans/
Workman, I. (2016). Medical-surgical nursing: Patient-centered collaborative care (8th ED). Elsevier: USA.
